| 1） |
Prevention and management of osteoporosis. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2003;921:1-164, back cover. |
| 2） |
Committee for Osteoporosis Treatment of The Japanese Orthopaedic Association. Nationwide survey of hip fractures in Japan. J Orthop Sci. 2004;9(1):1-5. |
| 3） |
Jinbayashi H, Aoyagi K, Ross PD, et al. Prevalence of vertebral deformity and its associations with physical impairment among Japanese women: The Hizen-Oshima Study. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13(9):723-30. |
| 4） |
Okochi J. Increase of mild disability in Japanese elders: a seven year follow-up cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2005;5(1):55. (http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/5/55). |
| 5） |
Kanis JA. Treatment of osteoporotic fracture. Lancet. 1984;1(8367):27-33. |
| 6） |
Consensus development conference: prophylaxis and treatment of osteoporosis. Am J Med. 1991;90(1):107-10. |
| 7） |
Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. NIH Consens Statement. 2000;17(1):1-45. (http://consensus.nih.gov/2000/2000Osteoporosis111html.htm). |
| 8） |
Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1994;843:1-129. |
| 9） |
折笠肇，林泰史，福永仁夫ほか，原発性骨粗鬆症の診断基準（2000年度改訂版）．日骨代謝誌 2001;18:76-82. |
| 10） |
折笠肇，杉岡洋一，福永仁夫ほか．原発性骨粗鬆症の診断基準（1996年度改訂版）．日骨代謝誌 1997;14:219-33. |
| 11） |
藤原佐枝子，増成直美，児玉和紀ほか，腰椎・大腿骨骨塩量カットオフ値を使った骨粗鬆症有病率の検討．Osteoporosis Jpn 1997;5:223-6. |
| 12） |
山本逸雄．骨粗鬆症人口の推定．Osteoporosis Jpn 1999; 7:10-1. |
| 13） |
内閣府．平成17年度高齢社会白書．(http://www8.cao.go.jp/kourei/whitepaper/w-2005/zenbun/17index.html) |
| 14） |
折笠肇，細田裕，白木正孝ほか．大腿骨頚部骨折全国頻度調査報告（昭和62年）．医事新報 1989;3420:43-5. |
| 15） |
Orimo H, Hosoda Y, Fujiwara S, et al. Hip fracture incidence in Japan. J Bone Miner Metab 1991;9 (suppl):15-9. |
| 16） |
折笠肇，橋本勉，白木正孝ほか．大腿骨頚部骨折全国頻度調査：1992年における新発生患者数の推定と5年間の推移．医事新報 1995;3707:27-30. |
| 17） |
Orimo H, Hashimoto T, Yoshimura N, et al. Nationwide incidence survey of femoral neck fracture in Japan, 1992. J Bone Miner Metab 1996;15:100-6. |
| 18） |
厚生省長寿科学総合研究授業．骨粗鬆症予防のための危険因子に関する研究班（班長：折笠肇）折笠肇，橋本勉，坂田清美ほか．第3回大腿骨頚部骨折全国頻度調査成績：1997年における新発生患者数の推定と10年間の推移．医事新報 1999;3916:46-9. |
| 19） |
Orimo H, Hashimoto T, Sakata K, et al. Trends in the incidence of hip fracture in Japan, 1987-1997: the third nationwide survey. J Bone Miner Metab 2000;18:126-31. |
| 20） |
折笠肇，坂田清美．第4回大腿骨頚部骨折全国頻度調査成績：2002年における新発生患者数の推定と15年間の推移．医事新報 2004;4180:25-30. |
| 21） |
Fujiwara S, Mizuno S, Ochi Y, et al. The incidence of thoracic vertebral fractures in a Japanese population, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1958-86. J Clin Epidemiol. 1991;44(10):1007-14. |
| 22） |
Fujiwara S, Kasagi F, Masunari N, et al. Fracture prediction from bone mineral density in Japanese men and women. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18(8):1547-53. |
| 23） |
Raisz LG. Pathogenesis of osteoporosis: concepts, conflicts, and prospects. J Clin Invest. 2005;115(12):3318-25. |
| 24） |
Seeman E. Pathogenesis of bone fragility in women and men. Lancet. 2002;359(9320):1841-50. |
| 25） |
Seeman E, Delmas PD. Bone quality--the material and structural basis of bone strength and fragility. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(21):2250-61. |
| 26） |
Riggs BL, Khosla S, Melton LJ 3rd. A unitary model for involutional osteoporosis: estrogen deficiency causes both type I and type II osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and contributes to bone loss in aging men. J Bone Miner Res. 1998;13(5):763-73. |
| 27） |
吉村典子，中塚喜義，中村利孝ほか骨粗鬆症の病型分類の考え方：Back to Albright. Osteoporosis Jpn 2005; 13:5-11. |
| 28） |
Teitelbaum SL. Bone resorption by osteoclasts. Science. 2000;289(5484):1504-8. |
| 29） |
Boyle WJ, Simonet WS, Lacey DL. Osteoclast differentiation and activation. Nature. 2003;423(6937):337-42. |
| 30） |
Karsenty G, Wagner EF. Reaching a genetic and molecular understanding of skeletal development. Dev Cell. 2002;2(4):389-406. |
| 31） |
Ducy P, Schinke T, Karsenty G. The osteoblast: a sophisticated fibroblast under central surveillance. Science. 2000;289(5484):1501-4. |
| 32） |
Martin TJ, Sims NA. Osteoclast-derived activity in the coupling of bone formation to resorption. Trends Mol Med. 2005;11(2):76-81. |
| 33） |
友光達志，川勝充，北山彰ほか．胸・腰椎X線撮影法と骨塩定量法の基準化：dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) における骨塩量の標準定量法と装置の基本性能評価法．日放線技学誌 1999;55:165-87. |
| 34） |
Black DM, Cummings SR, Karpf DB, et al. Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Fracture Intervention Trial Research Group. Lancet. 1996;348(9041):1535-41. |
| 35） |
西沢良記ほか．骨粗鬆症診療における骨代謝マーカーの適正使用ガイドライン（2004年度版）．Osteoporosis Jpn 2004;12:191-207. |
| 36） |
NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA. 2001;285(6):785-95. |
| 37） |
Ross PD, Fujiwara S, Huang C, et al. Vertebral fracture prevalence in women in Hiroshima compared to Caucasians or Japanese in the US. Int J Epidemiol. 1995;24(6):1171-7. |
| 38） |
Lindsay R, Silverman SL, Cooper C, et al. Risk of new vertebral fracture in the year following a fracture. JAMA. 2001;285(3):320-3. |
| 39） |
Cauley JA, Thompson DE, Ensrud KC, et al. Risk of mortality following clinical fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11(7):556-61. |
| 40） |
村井肇．骨粗鬆症とは何か：症状．骨粗鬆症のケア―転倒予防からQOLまで．大阪：メディカ出版;2002. p.20-9. |
| 41） |
Green AD, Colón-Emeric CS, Bastian L, et al. Does this woman have osteoporosis? JAMA. 2004;292(23):2890-900. |
| 42） |
Siminoski K, Lee K, Jen H, et al. The accuracy of historical height loss for detection of prevalent vertebral fractures. J Bone Miner Res 2003;18:S82. |
| 43） |
Bone HG, Hosking D, Devogelaer JP, et al. Ten years' experience with alendronate for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(12):1189-99. |
| 44） |
Roux C, Seeman E, Eastell R, et al. Efficacy of risedronate on clinical vertebral fractures within six months. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20(4):433-9. |
| 45） |
Yamaguchi T, Sugimoto T, Yamada H, et al. The presence and severity of vertebral fractures is associated with the presence of esophageal hiatal hernia in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13(4):331-6. |
| 46） |
Yamaguchi T, Sugimoto T, Yamauchi M, et al. Multiple vertebral fractures are associated with refractory reflux esophagitis in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Metab. 2005;23(1):36-40. |
| 47） |
Silverman SL, Minshall ME, Shen W, et al. The relationship of health-related quality of life to prevalent and incident vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation Study. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44(11):2611-9. |
| 48） |
von der Recke P, Hansen MA, Hassager C. The association between low bone mass at the menopause and cardiovascular mortality. Am J Med. 1999;106(3):273-8. |
| 49） |
Yamaguchi T, Sugimoto T, Yano S, et al. Plasma lipids and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Endocr J. 2002;49(2):211-7. |
| 50） |
Hirose K, Tomiyama H, Okazaki R, et al. Increased pulse wave velocity associated with reduced calcaneal quantitative osteo-sono index: possible relationship between atherosclerosis and osteopenia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(6):2573-8. |
| 51） |
Pennisi P, Signorelli SS, Riccobene S, et al. Low bone density and abnormal bone turnover in patients with atherosclerosis of peripheral vessels. Osteoporos Int. 2004;15(5):389-95. |
| 52） |
Schulz E, Arfai K, Liu X, et al. Aortic calcification and the risk of osteoporosis and fractures. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(9):4246-53. |
| 53） |
Silverman SL, Delmas PD, Kulkarni PM, et al. Comparison of fracture, cardiovascular event, and breast cancer rates at 3 years in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(9):1543-8. |
| 54） |
Schwartz AV, Sellmeyer DE, Ensrud KE, et al. Older women with diabetes have an increased risk of fracture: a prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(1):32-8. |
| 55） |
骨粗鬆症財団監修．老人保健法による骨粗鬆症予防マニュアル．東京：日本医事新報社；2001. |
| 56） |
辻陽雄，高橋榮明編．代謝性骨疾患・先天性骨系統疾患の鑑別診断．整形外科診断学．東京：金原出版；1999. p.841-4. |
| 57） |
石井清一，平澤泰介監修．骨腫瘍・軟部腫瘍．標準整形外科学．東京：医学書院；2004. p.269-96. |
| 58） |
Koh LK, Sedrine WB, Torralba TP, et al; Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool for Asians (OSTA) Research Group. A simple tool to identify asian women at increased risk of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(8):699-705. |
| 59） |
Dargent-Molina P, Poitiers F, Bréart G, et al. In elderly women eight is the best predictors of a very low bone mineral density: evidence from EPIDOS study. Osteoporos Int 2000;11(10):881-8. |
| 60） |
Michaëlsson K, Bergström R, Mallmin H, et al. Screening for osteopenia and osteoporosis: selection by body composition. Osteoporos Int. 1996;6(2):120-6. |
| 61） |
Bedogni G, Simonini G, Viaggi S, et al. Anthropometry fails in classifying bone mineral status in postmenopausal women. Ann Hum Biol. 1999;26(6):561-8. |
| 62） |
Fujiwara S, et al. Performance of osteoporosis risk indices in a Japanese population. Current Ther Res 2001; 62:586-94. |
| 63） |
Vogt TM, Ross PD, Palermo L, et al. Vertebral fracture prevalence among women screened for the Fracture Intervention Trial and a simple clinical tool to screen for undiagnosed vertebral fractures. Fracture Intervention Trial Research Group. Mayo Clin Proc. 2000;75(9):888-96. |
| 64） |
De Laet C, Kanis JA, Odén A, et al. Body mass index as a predictor of fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(11):1330-8. |
| 65） |
Ettinger B, Black DM, Palermo L, et al. Kyphosis in older women and its relation to back pain, disability and osteopenia: the study of osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int. 1994;4(1):55-60. |
| 66） |
Siminoski K, Warshawski RS, Jen H, et al. Accuracy of physical examination using the rib-pelvis distance for detection of lumbar vertebral fractures. Am J Med. 2003;115(3):233-6. |
| 67） |
Balzini L, Vannucchi L, Benvenuti F, et al. Clinical characteristics of flexed posture in elderly women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51(10):1419-26. |
| 68） |
Inagaki K, Kurosu Y, Kamiya T, et al. Low metacarpal bone density, tooth loss, and periodontal disease in Japanese women. J Dent Res. 2001;80(9):1818-22. |
| 69） |
Earnshaw SA, Keating N, Hosking DJ, et al. Tooth counts do not predict bone mineral density in early postmenopausal Caucasian women. EPIC study group. Int J Epidemiol. 1998;27(3):479-83. |
| 70） |
National Osteoporosis Foundation. Physician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Belle Mead. NJ: Excerpta Medica Inc;1999 (http://www.nof.org/physguide/diagnosis.htm). |
| 71） |
The European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS) Group. The relationship between bone density and incident vertebral fracture in men and women. J Bone Miner Res. 2002;17(12):2214-21. |
| 72） |
Cummings SR, Nevitt MC, Browner WS, et al. Risk factors for hip fracture in white women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(12):767-73. |
| 73） |
Geusens P, Hochberg MC, van der Voort DJ, et al. Performance of risk indices for identifying low bone density in postmenopausal women. Mayo Clin Proc. 2002;77(7):629-37. |
| 74） |
Cadarette SM, Jaglal SB, Murray TM, et al. Evaluation of decision rules for referring women for bone densitometry by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. JAMA. 2001;286(1):57-63. |
| 75） |
Klotzbuecher CM, Ross PD, Landsman PB, et al. Patients with prior fractures have an increased risk of future fractures: a summary of the literature and statistical synthesis. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15(4):721-39. |
| 76） |
Cummings SR, Black DM, Nevitt MC, et al. Appendicular bone density and age predict hip fracture in women. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. JAMA. 1990;263(5):665-8. |
| 77） |
Marshall D, Johnell O, Wedel H. Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. BMJ. 1996;312(7041):1254-9. |
| 78） |
Black DM, Cummings SR, Genant HK, et al. Axial and appendicular bone density predict fractures in older women. J Bone Miner Res. 1992;7(6):633-8. |
| 79） |
Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, et al. Ten year probabilities of osteoporotic fractures according to BMD and diagnostic thresholds. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(12):989-95. |
| 80） |
Siris ES, Miller PD, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Identification and fracture outcomes of undiagnosed low bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: results from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment. JAMA. 2001;286(22):2815-22. |
| 81） |
Bauer DC, Glüer CC, Cauley JA, et al. Broadband ultrasound attenuation predicts fractures strongly and independently of densitometry in older women. A prospective study. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157(6):629-34. |
| 82） |
Hans D, Dargent-Molina P, Schott AM, et al. Ultrasonographic heel measurements to predict hip fracture in elderly women: the EPIDOS prospective study. Lancet. 1996;348(9026):511-4. |
| 83） |
Fujiwara S, Sone T, Yamazaki K, et al. Heel bone ultrasound predicts non-spine fracture in Japanese men and women. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(12):2107-12. |
| 84） |
Torgerson DJ, Campbell MK, Thomas RE, et al. Prediction of perimenopausal fractures by bone mineral density and other risk factors. J Bone Miner Res. 1996;11(2):293-7. |
| 85） |
Cummings SR, Black DM, Nevitt MC, et al. Bone density at various sites for prediction of hip fractures. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Lancet. 1993;341(8837):72-5. |
| 86） |
Woodhouse A, Black DM. BMD at various sites for the prediction of hip fractures: a meta analysis. J Bone Miner Res 2000;15(suppl 1):S145. |
| 87） |
Steiger P, Cummings SR, Black DM, et al. Age-related decrements in bone mineral density in women over 65. J Bone Miner Res. 1992;7(6):625-32. |
| 88） |
Leib ES, Lewiecki EM, Binkley N, et al; International Society for Clinical Densitometry. Official positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry. J Clin Densitom. 2004;7(1):1-6. |
| 89） |
Nevitt MC, Johnell O, Black DM, et al. Bone mineral density predicts non-spine fractures in very elderly women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Osteoporos Int. 1994;4(6):325-31. |
| 90） |
山本吉蔵ほか．椎体計測のための罫線設定とpointingの基準．整形外科 1995;46:5-17. |
| 91） |
Kiel D. Assessing vertebral fractures. National Osteoporosis Foundation Working Group on Vertebral Fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 1995;10(4):518-23. |
| 92） |
Genant HK, Wu CY, van Kuijk C, et al. Vertebral fracture assessment using a semiquantitative technique. J Bone Miner Res. 1993;8(9):1137-48. |
| 93） |
Fukunaga M, Nakamura T, Shiraki M, et al. Absolute height reduction and percent height ratio of the vertebral body in incident fracture in Japanese women. J Bone Miner Metab. 2004;22(2):104-10. |
| 94） |
Harris ST, Watts NB, Genant HK, et al. Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Vertebral Efficacy With Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group. JAMA. 1999;282(14):1344-52. |
| 95） |
Ettinger B, Black DM, Mitlak BH, et al. Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators. JAMA. 1999;282(7):637-45. |
| 96） |
Chesnut CH 3rd, Silverman S, Andriano K, et al. A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis: the prevent recurrence of osteoporotic fractures study. PROOF Study Group. Am J Med. 2000;109(4):267-76. |
| 97） |
Meunier PJ, Roux C, Seeman E, et al. The effects of strontium ranelate on the risk of vertebral fracture in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(5):459-68. |
| 98） |
Neer RM, Arnaud CD, Zanchetta JR, et al. Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(19):1434-41. |
| 99） |
Chesnut III CH, Skag A, Christiansen C, et al; Oral Ibandronate Osteoporosis Vertebral Fracture Trial in North America and Europe (BONE). Effects of oral ibandronate administered daily or intermittently on fracture risk in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(8):1241-9. |
| 100） |
Kushida K, Shiraki M, Nakamura T, et al. Alendronate reduced vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal Japanese women with osteoporosis: a 3-year follow-up study. J Bone Miner Metab. 2004;22(5):462-8. |
| 101） |
Kushida K, Fukunaga M, Kishimoto H, et al. A comparison of incidences of vertebral fracture in Japanese patients with involutional osteoporosis treated with risedronate and etidronate: a randomized, double-masked trial. J Bone Miner Metab. 2004;22(5):469-78. |
| 102） |
Garnero P, Sornay-Rendu E, Claustrat B, et al. Biochemical markers of bone turnover, endogenous hormones and the risk of fractures in postmenopausal women: the OFELY study. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15(8):1526-36. |
| 103） |
Miller PD, Hochberg MC, Wehren LE, et al. How useful are measures of BMD and bone turnover? Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21(4):545-54. |
| 104） |
Gonnelli S, Cepollaro C, Pondrelli C, et al. Bone turnover and the response to alendronate treatment in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int. 1999;65(5):359-64. |
| 105） |
Nishizawa Y, Nakamura T, Ohta H; Committee on the Guidelines for the Use of Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover in Osteoporosis Japan Osteoporosis Society. Guidelines for the use of biochemical markers of bone turnover in osteoporosis (2004). J Bone Miner Metab. 2005;23(2):97-104. |
| 106） |
Worsfold M, Powell DE, Jones TJ, et al. Assessment of urinary bone markers for monitoring treatment of osteoporosis. Clin Chem. 2004;50(12):2263-70. |
| 107） |
Akesson K, Käkönen SM, Josefsson PO, et al. Fracture-induced changes in bone turnover: a potential confounder in the use of biochemical markers in osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Metab. 2005;23(1):30-5. |
| 108） |
Fardellone P, Brazier M, Kamel S, et al. Biochemical effects of calcium supplementation in postmenopausal women: influence of dietary calcium intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;67(6):1273-8. |
| 109） |
Harrop JS, Prpa B, Reinhardt MK, et al. Primary and secondary osteoporosis' incidence of subsequent vertebral compression fractures after kyphoplasty. Spine. 2004;29(19):2120-5. |
| 110） |
Consensus development conference: diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment of osteoporosis Am J Med 1993;94:646-50. |
| 111） |
Kanis JA. Diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk. Lancet. 2002;359(9321):1929-36. |
| 112） |
Johnell O, Kanis JA, Oden A, et al. Predictive value of BMD for hip and other fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20(7):1185-94. |
| 113） |
Kanis JA, Johnell O, De Laet C, et al. A meta-analysis of previous fracture and subsequent fracture risk. Bone. 2004;35(2):375-82. |
| 114） |
Ward KD, Klesges RC. A meta-analysis of the effects of cigarette smoking on bone mineral density. Calcif Tissue Int. 2001;68(5):259-70. |
| 115） |
Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, et al. Smoking and fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(2):155-62. |
| 116） |
Vestergaard P, Mosekilde L. Fracture risk associated with smoking: a meta-analysis. J Intern Med. 2003;254(6):572-83. |
| 117） |
Law MR, Hackshaw AK. A meta-analysis of cigarette smoking, bone mineral density and risk of hip fracture: recognition of a major effect. BMJ. 1997;315(7112):841-6. |
| 118） |
Kanis JA, Johansson H, Johnell O, et al. Alcohol intake as a risk factor for fracture. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(7):737-42. |
| 119） |
van Staa TP, Leufkens HG, Cooper C. The epidemiology of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13(10):777-87. |
| 120） |
Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, et al. A meta-analysis of prior corticosteroid use and fracture risk. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(6):893-9. |
| 121） |
Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, et al. A family history of fracture and fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Bone. 2004;35(5):1029-37. |
| 122） |
Gregg EW, Pereira MA, Caspersen CJ. Physical activity, falls, and fractures among older adults: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(8):883-93. |
| 123） |
Joakimsen RM, Magnus JH, Fønnebø V. Physical activity and predisposition for hip fractures: a review. Osteoporos Int. 1997;7(6):503-13. |
| 124） |
De Laet C, Kanis JA, Odén A, et al. Body mass index as a predictor of fracture risk: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(11):1330-8. |
| 125） |
Shea B, Wells G, Cranney A, et al; Osteoporosis Methodology Group and The Osteoporosis Research Advisory Group. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. VII. Meta-analysis of calcium supplementation for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Rev. 2002;23(4):552-9. |
| 126） |
Badenhop-Stevens N, Matkovic V. Calcium needs in children. Orthop Nurs. 2004;23(4):228-32; quiz 233-4. |
| 127） |
Zhu K, Du X, Greenfield H, et al. Bone mass in Chinese premenarcheal girls: the roles of body composition, calcium intake and physical activity. Br J Nutr. 2004;92(6):985-93. |
| 128） |
Mckay HA, MacLean L, Petit M, et al. "Bounce at the Bell": a novel program of short bouts of exercise improves proximal femur bone mass in early pubertal children. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(8):521-6. |
| 129） |
Courteix D, Jaffré C, Lespessailles E, et al. Cumulative effects of calcium supplementation and physical activity on bone accretion in premenarchal children: a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial. Int J Sports Med. 2005;26(5):332-8. |
| 130） |
Wang QJ, Suominen H, Nicholson PH, et al. Influence of physical activity and maturation status on bone mass and geometry in early pubertal girls. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2005;15(2):100-6. |
| 131） |
Miyabara Y, Onoe Y, Ohta H, et al. Ploratory crosssectional research into factors contributing in the acquisition of high bone mineral density in young Japanese women. Osteoporos Int (in submission). |
| 132） |
Whiting SJ, Vatanparast H, Baxter-Jones A, et al. Factors that affect bone mineral accrual in the adolescent growth spurt. J Nutr. 2004;134(3):696S-700S. |
| 133） |
Cumming RG. Calcium intake and bone mass: a quantitative review of the evidence. Calcif Tissue Int. 1990;47(4):194-201. |
| 134） |
Welten DC, Kemper HC, Post GB, et al. A meta-analysis of the effect of calcium intake on bone mass in young and middle aged females and males. J Nutr. 1995;125(11):2802-13. |
| 135） |
Sasaki S, Yanagibori R. Association between current nutrient intakes and bone mineral density at calcaneus in pre-and postmenopausal Japanese women. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2001;47(4):289-94. |
| 136） |
佐々木敏．Evidence-based Nutritionに立ったカルシウム栄養：カルシウム摂取量と骨密度・骨折に関する疫学研究の系統的レビューより．Clin Calcium. 2002;12(9):1316-9. |
| 137） |
久保田恵．カルシウム摂取による骨折・骨粗鬆症予防のエビデンス．日衛誌．2003;58(3):317-27. |
| 138） |
第6次改訂日本人の栄養所要量．厚生労働省；1999. |
| 139） |
Barbeau P, Gutin B, Litaker M, et al. Correlates of individual differences in body-composition changes resulting from physical training in obese children. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(4):705-11. |
| 140） |
Gutin B, Owens S, Okuyama T, et al. Effect of physical training and its cessation on percent fat and bone density of children with obesity. Obes Res. 1999;7(2):208-14. |
| 141） |
McKay HA, Petit MA, Schutz RW, et al. Augmented trochanteric bone mineral density after modified physical education classes: a randomized school-based exercise intervention study in prepubescent and early pubescent children. J Pediatr. 2000;136(2):156-62. |
| 142） |
Fuchs RK, Bauer JJ, Snow CM. Jumping improves hip and lumbar spine bone mass in prepubescent children: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16(1):148-56. |
| 143） |
Nichols DL, Sanborn CF, Love AM. Resistance training and bone mineral density in adolescent females. J Pediatr. 2001;139(4):494-500. |
| 144） |
Mackelvie KJ, McKay HA, Khan KM, et al. A school-based exercise intervention augments bone mineral accrual in early pubertal girls. J Pediatr. 2001;139(4):501-8. |
| 145） |
Johannsen N, Binkley T, Englert V, et al. Bone response to jumping is site-specific in children: a randomized trial. Bone. 2003;33(4):533-9. |
| 146） |
MacKelvie KJ, McKay HA, Petit MA, et al. Bone mineral response to a 7-month randomized controlled, school-based jumping intervention in 121 prepubertal boys: associations with ethnicity and body mass index. J Bone Miner Res. 2002;17(5):834-44. |
| 147） |
MacKelvie KJ, Khan KM, Petit MA, et al. A school-based exercise intervention elicits substantial bone health benefits: a 2-year randomized controlled trial in girls. Pediatrics. 2003;112(6 Pt 1):e447-52. |
| 148） |
Van Langendonck L, Claessens AL, Vlietinck R, et al. Influence of weight-bearing exercises on bone acquisition in prepubertal monozygotic female twins: a randomized controlled prospective study. Calcif Tissue Int. 2003;72(6):666-74. |
| 149） |
Vicente-Rodriguez G, Dorado C, Perez-Gomez J, et al. Enhanced bone mass and physical fitness in young female handball players. Bone. 2004;35(5):1208-15. |
| 150） |
Nordström A, Karlsson C, Nyquist F, et al. Bone loss and fracture risk after reduced physical activity. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20(2):202-7. |
| 151） |
Ginty F, Rennie KL, Mills L, et al. Positive, site-specific associations between bone mineral status, fitness, and time spent at high-impact activities in 16- to 18-year-old boys. Bone. 2005;36(1):101-10. |
| 152） |
Nanyan P, Prouteau S, Jaffré C, et al. Thicker radial cortex in physically active prepubertal girls compared to controls. Int J Sports Med. 2005;26(2):110-5. |
| 153） |
Lee WT, Leung SS, Wang SH, et al. Double-blind, controlled calcium supplementation and bone mineral accretion in children accustomed to a low-calcium diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;60(5):744-50. |
| 154） |
Lee WT, Leung SS, Leung DM, et al. A randomized double-blind controlled calcium supplementation trial, and bone and height acquisition in children. Br J Nutr. 1995;74(1):125-39. |
| 155） |
Chan GM, Hoffman K, McMurry M. Effects of dairy products on bone and body composition in pubertal girls. J Pediatr. 1995;126(4):551-6. |
| 156） |
Bonjour JP, Carrie AL, Ferrari S, et al. Calcium-enriched foods and bone mass growth in prepubertal girls: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Invest. 1997;99(6):1287-94. |
| 157） |
Lee WT, Leung SS, Leung DM, et al. Bone mineral acquisition in low calcium intake children following the withdrawal of calcium supplement. Acta Paediatr. 1997;86(6):570-6. |
| 158） |
Nowson CA, Green RM, Hopper JL, et al. A co-twin study of the effect of calcium supplementation on bone density during adolescence. Osteoporos Int. 1997;7(3):219-25. |
| 159） |
Merrilees MJ, Smart EJ, Gilchrist NL, et al. Effects of diary food supplements on bone mineral density in teenage girls. Eur J Nutr. 2000;39(6):256-62. |
| 160） |
Dibba B, Prentice A, Ceesay M, et al. Effect of calcium supplementation on bone mineral accretion in gambian children accustomed to a low-calcium diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(2):544-9. |
| 161） |
Dibba B, Prentice A, Ceesay M, et al. Bone mineral contents and plasma osteocalcin concentrations of Gambian children 12 and 24 mo after the withdrawal of a calcium supplement. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(3):681-6. |
| 162） |
Chevalley T, Rizzoli R, Hans D, et al. Interaction between calcium intake and menarcheal age on bone mass gain: an eight-year follow-up study from prepuberty to postmenarche. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(1):44-51. |
| 163） |
伊木雅之編．地域保健におけるエビデンスに基づく骨折・骨粗鬆症ガイドライン．日本公衆衛生協会；2004. |
| 164） |
Huopio J, Kröger H, Honkanen R, et al. Risk factors for perimenopausal fractures: a prospective study. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11(3):219-27. |
| 165） |
Cummings SR, Bates D, Black DM. Clinical use of bone densitometry: scientific review. JAMA. 2002;288(15):1889-97. |
| 166） |
Gregg EW, Kriska AM, Salamone LM, et al. The epidemiology of quantitative ultrasound: a review of the relationships with bone mass, osteoporosis and fracture risk. Osteoporos Int. 1997;7(2):89-99. |
| 167） |
Iki M, Kajita E, Mitamura S, et al. Precision of quantitative ultrasound measurement of the heel bone and effects of ambient temperature on the parameters. Osteoporos Int. 1999;10(6):462-7. |
| 168） |
Lydick E, Cook K, Turpin J, et al. Development and validation of a simple questionnaire to facilitate identification of women likely to have low bone density. Am J Manag Care. 1998;4(1):37-48. |
| 169） |
Cadarette SM, Jaglal SB, Kreiger N, et al. Development and validation of the Osteoporosis Risk Assessment Instrument to facilitate selection of women for bone densitometry. CMAJ. 2000;162(9):1289-94. |
| 170） |
Nelson HD, Helfand M, Woolf SH, et al. Screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: a review of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137(6):529-41. |
| 171） |
Barr RJ, Stewart A, Torgerson DJ, et al. Long term effects of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) of osteoporosis screening on the use of medication and fracture risk. J Bone Miner Res 2005;20(Suppl):S12. |
| 172） |
Kern LM, Powe NR, Levine MA, et al. Association between screening for osteoporosis and the incidence of hip fracture. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142(3):173-81. |
| 173） |
Hagino H, Yamamoto K, Ohshiro H, et al. Changing incidence of hip, distal radius, and proximal humerus fractures in Tottori Prefecture, Japan. Bone. 1999;24(3):265-70. |
| 174） |
Iki M, Kagamimori S, Kagawa Y, et al. Bone mineral density of the spine, hip and distal forearm in representative samples of the Japanese female population: Japanese Population-Based Osteoporosis (JPOS) Study. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(7):529-37. |
| 175） |
Cranney A, Wells G, Willan A, et al. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. II. Meta-analysis of alendronate for the treatment of postmenopausal women. Endocr Rev. 2002;23(4):508-16. |
| 176） |
Gillespie LD, Gillespie WJ, Robertson MC, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in elderly people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(3):CD000340. |
| 177） |
Robertson MC, Campbell AJ, Gardner MM, et al. Preventing injuries in older people by preventing falls: a meta-analysis of individual-level data. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50(5):905-11. |
| 178） |
Chang JT, Morton SC, Rubenstein LZ, et al. Interventions for the prevention of falls in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ. 2004;328(7441):680. |
| 179） |
Weatherall M. Prevention of falls and fall-related fractures in community-dwelling older adults: a meta-analysis of estimates of effectiveness based on recent guidelines. Intern Med J. 2004;34(3):102-8. |
| 180） |
金成由美子，安村誠司．高齢者における転倒予防介入プログラムの有効性に関する文献的考察．日本公衆衛誌 2002;49:289-304. |
| 181） |
大高洋平，里宇明元，宇沢充圭ほか．エビデンスからみた転倒予防プログラムの効果：1.狭義の転倒予防．リハ医 2003;40:374-88. |
| 182） |
島田裕之，円山靖，加倉井周一．高齢者の転倒予防に対する介入効果．理療ジャーナル 2002;36:315-22. |
| 183） |
Suzuki T, Kim H, Yoshida H, et al. Randomized controlled trial of exercise intervention for the prevention of falls in community-dwelling elderly Japanese women. J Bone Miner Metab. 2004;22(6):602-11. |
| 184） |
Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Willett WC, et al. Effect of Vitamin D on falls: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2004;291(16):1999-2006. |
| 185） |
Parker MJ, Gillespie LD, Gillespie WJ. Hip protectors for preventing hip fractures in the elderly. In: The Cochrane Library. Oxford, England: Update Software;issue 3 CD001255,2003. |
| 186） |
Dibba B, Prentice A, Ceesay M, et al. Effect of calcium supplementation on bone mineral accretion in gambian children accustomed to a low-calcium diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(2):544-9. |
| 187） |
The RECORD Trial Group. Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D, RECORD): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;365(9471):1621-8. |
| 188） |
Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, et al. Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2005;293(18):2257-64. |
| 189） |
Tinetti ME. Clinical practice. Preventing falls in elderly persons. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(1):42-9. |
| 190） |
Choi JH, Moon JS, Song R. Effects of Sun-style Tai Chi exercise on physical fitness and fall prevention in fall-prone older adults. J Adv Nurs. 2005;51:150-7. |
| 191） |
Li F, Harmer P, Fisher KJ, et al. Tai Chi and fall reductions in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60(2):187-94. |
| 192） |
Cummings SR, Black DM, Thompson DE, et al. Effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with low bone density but without vertebral fractures: results from the Fracture Intervention Trial. JAMA. 1998;280(24):2077-82. |
| 193） |
McClung MR, Geusens P, Miller PD, et al; Hip Intervention Program Study Group. Effect of risedronate on the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. Hip Intervention Program Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(5):333-40. |
| 194） |
Cheung AM, Feig DS, Kpral M, et al; Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. Prevention of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women: recommendation statement from the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. CMAJ. 2004;170(11):1665-7. |
| 195） |
Siminoski K, Warshawski RS, Jen H, et al. The accuracy of historical height loss for the detection of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(2):290-6. |
| 196） |
Kanis JA, Black D, Cooper C, et al; International Osteoporosis Foundation; National Osteoporosis Foundation. A new approach to the development of assessment guidelines for osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13(7):527-36. |
| 197） |
Schneider PF, Fischer M, Allolio B, et al. Alendronate increases bone density and bone strength at the distal radius in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 1999;14(8):1387-93. |
| 198） |
Ravn P, Alexandersen P, Møllgaard A. Bone densitometry: a new, highly responsive region of interest in the distal forearm to monitor the effect of osteoporosis treatment. Osteoporos Int. 1999;9(4):277-83. |
| 199） |
Cummings SR, Karpf DB, Harris F, et al. Improvement in spine bone density and reduction in risk of vertebral fractures during treatment with antiresorptive drugs. Am J Med. 2002;112(4):281-9. |
| 200） |
Delmas PD, Li Z, Cooper C. Relationship between changes in bone mineral density and fracture risk reduction with antiresorptive drugs: some issues with meta-analyses. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(2):330-7. |
| 201） |
Genant HK, Engelke K, Fuerst T, et al. Noninvasive assessment of bone mineral and structure: state of the art. J Bone Miner Res. 1996;11(6):707-30. |
| 202） |
Fogelman I, Blake GM. Different approaches to bone densitometry. J Nucl Med. 2000;41(12):2015-25. |
| 203） |
Cranney A, Tugwell P, Wells G, et al; Osteoporosis Methodology Group and The Osteoporosis Research Advisory Group. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. I. Systematic reviews of randomized trials in osteoporosis: introduction and methodology. Endocr Rev. 2002;23(4):496-507. |
| 204） |
Shiraki M, Kushida K, Fukunaga M, et al. A double-masked multicenter comparative study between alendronate and alfacalcidol in Japanese patients with osteoporosis. The Alendronate Phase III Osteoporosis Treatment Research Group. Osteoporos Int. 1999;10(3):183-92. |
| 205） |
Morii H, Ohashi Y, Taketani Y, et al. Effect of raloxifene on bone mineral density and biochemical markers of bone turnover in Japanese postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Osteoporos Int. 2003;14(10):793-800. |
| 206） |
中塚喜義，三浦雅一，三木隆己ほか．血中骨代謝マーカーの選択と治療効果判定能：閉経後骨粗鬆症におけるホルモン補充療法への臨床応用．日骨代謝誌 2001;19:63. |
| 207） |
Delmas PD, Eastell R, Garnero P, et al; Committee of Scientific Advisors of the International Osteoporosis Foundation. The use of biochemical markers of bone turnover in osteoporosis. Committee of Scientific Advisors of the International Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11 Suppl 6:S2-17. |
| 208） |
Kleerekoper M. The effect of fractures or disease on biochemical markers of bone remodeling. In: Bone Markers: Biochemical and clinical perspectives. (eds by Eastell, et al). London: Martin Dunitz; 2001.p.123-30. |
| 209） |
Greenspan SL, Parker RA, Ferguson L, et al. Early changes in biochemical markers of bone turnover predict the long-term response to alendronate therapy in representative elderly women: a randomized clinical trial. J Bone Miner Res. 1998;13(9):1431-8. |
| 210） |
Eastell R, Brainbridge PR. Bone turnover markers: their place in the investigation of osteoporosis. In: Osteoporosis: Pathophysiology and clinical management (eds by Orwoll ES, Bliziotes M). NJ: Humana Press Totowa;2003.p.185-197. |
| 211） |
Odvina CV, Zerwekh JE, Rao DS, et al. Severely suppressed bone turnover: a potential complication of alendronate therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(3):1294-301. |
| 212） |
Delmas PD, Vrijens B, Roux C, et al. A reinforcement message based on bone turnover marker response influences long-term persistence with risedronate in osteoporosis: IMPACT study. J Bone Miner Res 2003;18(Suppl 2):S374. |
| 213） |
Clowes JA, Peel NF, Eastell R. The impact of monitoring on adherence and persistence with antiresorptive treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(3):1117-23. |
| 214） |
Ware JE Jr, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care. 1992;30(6):473-83. |
| 215） |
Brooks R. EuroQol: the current state of play. Health Policy. 1996;37(1):53-72. |
| 216） |
Furlong WJ, Feeny DH, Torrance GW, et al. The Health Utilities Index (HUI) system for assessing health-related quality of life in clinical studies. Ann Med. 2001;33(5):375-84. |
| 217） |
Randell AG, Bhalerao N, Nguyen TV, et al. Quality of life in osteoporosis: reliability, consistency, and validity of the Osteoporosis Assessment Questionnaire. J Rheumatol. 1998;25(6):1171-9. |
| 218） |
Lips P, Agnusdei D, Caulin F, et al. The development of a European questionnaire for quality of life in patients with vertebral osteoporosis. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 1996;103:84-5,discussion 86-8. |
| 219） |
高橋栄明，岩谷力，揖場和子ほか．日本骨代謝学会骨粗鬆症患者QOL評価質問表1999年度版．日骨代謝誌 1999;17:65-84. |
| 220） |
高橋栄明，岩谷力，揖場和子ほか．日本骨代謝学会骨粗鬆症患者QOL評価質問表1999年度版の試用と2000年度版の作成．日骨代謝誌 2001;18:83-101. |
| 221） |
Cooper C, Fogelman I, Melton LJ 3rd. Bisphosphonates and vertebral fracture: an epidemiological perspective. Osteoporos Int. 1991;2(1):1-4. |
| 222） |
Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F, et al. Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in the elderly women. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(23):1637-42. |
| 223） |
Croog SH, Levine S, Testa MA, et al. The effects of antihypertensive therapy on the quality of life. N Engl J Med. 1986;314(26):1657-64. |
| 224） |
Oleksik A, Lips P, Dawson A, et al. Health-related quality of life in postmenopausal women with low BMD with or without prevalent vertebral fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15(7):1384-92. |
| 225） |
Ettinger B, Black DM, Nevitt MC, et al. Contribution of vertebral deformities to chronic back pain and disability. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J Bone Miner Res. 1992;7(4):449-56. |
| 226） |
村井肇，里宇光三，井樋栄二ほか．骨粗鬆症患者の脊柱変形とQOL．Osteoporosis Jpn 2001;9:477-9. |
| 227） |
徳永邦彦，遠藤直人，石垣浩恵ほか．円背が骨粗鬆症患者のQOLに及ぼす影響．Osteoporosis Jpn 2001;9:480-4. |
| 228） |
遠藤直人，徳永邦彦，遠藤栄之助ほか．骨粗鬆症における日常生活動作と運動機能障害．QOLの視点から．整災害 2002;45:739-43. |
| 229） |
楊鴻生．薬物とQOL．骨粗鬆症におけるQOL評価の役割．Medicament News 2003;1753:5-8. |
| 230） |
遠藤直人．佐久間真由美．骨粗鬆症患者QOL評価．整形外科 2003;54:973-7. |
| 231） |
佐久間真由美，遠藤直人，骨粗鬆症患者QOL評価質問表（日本骨代謝学会2000年度版）の検討．Osteoporosis Jpn 2003;11:859-66. |
| 232） |
楊鴻生．薬物とQOL．骨粗鬆症治療 2004;3:115-21. |
| 233） |
Bonjour JP, Schürch MA, Chevalley T, et al. Protein intake, IGF-1 and osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 1997;7 Suppl 3:S36-42. |
| 234） |
第一出版編集部編．厚生労働省策定．日本人の食事摂取基準（2005年版）．東京：第一出版；2005.p.135-43. |
| 235） |
Sunyecz JA, Weisman SM. The role of calcium in osteoporosis drug therapy. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2005;14(2):180-92. |
| 236） |
Nieves JW, Komar L, Cosman F, et al. Calcium potentiates the effect of estrogen and calcitonin on bone mass: review and analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;67(1):18-24. |
| 237） |
伊木雅之，久保田恵．カルシウム摂取の重要性．伊木雅之編．地域保健におけるエビデンスに基づく骨折・骨粗鬆症予防ガイドライン．日本公衆衛生協会；2004.p.19-25. |
| 238） |
Cumming RG, Nevitt MC. Calcium for prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 1997;12(9):1321-9. |
| 239） |
Uenishi K, Ishida H, Kamei A, et al. Calcium requirement estimated by balance study in elderly Japanese people. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(10):858-63. |
| 240） |
岡野登志夫，津川尚子，須原義智ほか．高齢者を中心とする日本人成人女性のビタミンD栄養状態と骨代謝関連指標について．Osteoporosis Jpn 2004;12:76-9. |
| 241） |
Vergnaud P, Garnero P, Meunier PJ, et al. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin measured with a specific immunoassay predicts hip fracture in elderly women: the EPIDOS Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82(3):719-24. |
| 242） |
Booth SL, Broe KE, Gagnon DR, et al. Vitamin K intake and bone mineral density in women and men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77(2):512-6. |
| 243） |
Shiraki M, Shiraki Y, Aoki C, et al. Vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) effectively prevents fractures and sustains lumber bone mineral density in osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15(3):515-21. |
| 244） |
Reid IR, Ames RW, Evans MC, et al. Long-term effects of calcium supplementation on bone loss and fractures in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Med. 1995;98(4):331-5. |
| 245） |
Elders PJ, Netelenbos JC, Lips P, et al. Calcium supplementation reduces vertebral bone loss in perimenopausal women: a controlled trial in 248 women between 46 and 55 years of age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;73(3):533-40. |
| 246） |
Papadimitropoulos E, Wells G, Shea B, et al; Osteoporosis Methodology Group and The Osteoporosis Research Advisory Group. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. VIII: Meta-analysis of the efficacy of vitamin D treatment in preventing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Endocr Rev. 2002;23(4):560-9. |
| 247） |
Ooms ME, Roos JC, Bezemer PD, et al. Prevention of bone loss by vitamin D supplementation in elderly women: a randomized double-blind trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80(4):1052-8. |
| 248） |
Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, et al. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(10):670-6. |
| 249） |
石井光一，上西一弘，石田裕美ほか．簡便な「カルシウム事故チェック表」の開発とその信頼度の確定．Osteoporosis Jpn 2005; 13:497-502. |
| 250） |
石田裕美，上西一弘．食生活と骨粗鬆症：カルシウム摂取に関する検討．Clin Calcium 1998;8:749-56. |
| 251） |
Wolff I, van Croonenborg JJ, Kemper HC, et al. The effect of exercise training programs on bone mass: a meta-analysis of published controlled trials in pre- and postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 1999;9(1):1-12. |
| 252） |
Wallace BA, Cumming RG. Systematic review of randomized trials of the effect of exercise on bone mass in pre- and postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int. 2000;67(1):10-8. |
| 253） |
Bérard A, Bravo G, Gauthier P. Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of physical activity for the prevention of bone loss in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 1997;7(4):331-7. |
| 254） |
Whipple TJ, Le BH, Demers LM, et al. Acute effects of moderate intensity resistance exercise on bone cell activity. Int J Sports Med. 2004;25(7):496-501. |
| 255） |
Meyer HE, Henriksen C, Falch JA, et al. Risk factors for hip fracture in a high incidence area: a case-control study from Oslo, Norway. Osteoporos Int. 1995;5(4):239-46. |
| 256） |
Devine A, Dhaliwal SS, Dick IM, et al. Physical activity and calcium consumption are important determinants of lower limb bone mass in older women. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(10):1634-9. |
| 257） |
Gregg EW, Cauley JA, Seeley DG, et al. Physical activity and osteoporotic fracture risk in older women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129(2):81-8. |
| 258） |
Dalsky GP, Stocke KS, Ehsani AA, et al. Weight-bearing exercise training and lumbar bone mineral content in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med. 1988;108(6):824-8. |
| 259） |
Vuori I, Heinonen A, Sievänen H, et al. Effects of unilateral strength training and detraining on bone mineral density and content in young women: a study of mechanical loading and deloading on human bones. Calcif Tissue Int. 1994;55(1):59-67. |
| 260） |
Bassey EJ, Ramsdale SJ. Weight-bearing exercise and ground reaction forces: a 12-month randomized controlled trial of effects on bone mineral density in healthy postmenopausal women. Bone. 1995;16(4):469-76. |
| 261） |
Bravo G, Gauthier P, Roy PM, et al. Impact of a 12-month exercise program on the physical and psychological health of osteopenic women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44(7):756-62. |
| 262） |
Kerr D, Morton A, Dick I, et al. Exercise effects on bone mass in postmenopausal women are site-specific and load-dependent. J Bone Miner Res. 1996;11(2):218-25. |
| 263） |
Mayoux-Benhamou MA, Bagheri F, Roux C, et al. Effect of psoas training on postmenopausal lumbar bone loss: a 3-year follow-up study. Calcif Tissue Int. 1997;60(4):348-53. |
| 264） |
Heinonen A, Kannus P, Sievänen H, et al. Good maintenance of high-impact activity-induced bone gain by voluntary, unsupervised exercises: An 8-month follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res. 1999;14(1):125-8. |
| 265） |
Sinaki M, Itoi E, Wahner HW, et al. Stronger back muscles reduce the incidence of vertebral fractures: a prospective 10 year follow-up of postmenopausal women. Bone. 2002;30(6):836-41. |
| 266） |
Uusi-Rasi K, Kannus P, Cheng S, et al. Effect of alendronate and exercise on bone and physical performance of postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Bone. 2003;33(1):132-43. |
| 267） |
Chan K, Qin L, Lau M, et al. A randomized, prospective study of the effects of Tai Chi Chun exercise on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(5):717-22. |
| 268） |
村川和重．物理的鎮痛法：光線療法，温熱療法，電気療法．医学のあゆみ 2004;211:589-94. |
| 269） |
楊鴻生．物理療法．Med Rehabil 2001;12:18-25. |
| 270） |
Basford JR, Sheffield CG, Harmsen WS. Laser therapy: a randomized, controlled trial of the effects of low-intensity Nd:YAG laser irradiation on musculoskeletal back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(6):647-52. |
| 271） |
Nevitt MC, Thompson DE, Black DM, et al. Effect of alendronate on limited-activity days and bed-disability days caused by back pain in postmenopausal women with existing vertebral fractures. Fracture Intervention Trial Research Group. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(1):77-85. |
| 272） |
三浦隆行，井上哲郎，丹羽滋郎ほか．骨粗鬆症に伴う腰背痛に対するエルカトニン長期投与の臨床効果．診療と新薬．1995;32:344-65. |
| 273） |
東貴行，三ツ木直人，中村潤一郎ほか．骨粗鬆症性椎体圧迫骨折に対する脊髄神経後枝ブロック．骨・関節・靱帯 2005;18:403-7. |
| 274） |
Fast A. Low back disorders: conservative management. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1988;69(10):880-91. |
| 275） |
Bogduk N. International Spinal Injection Society guidelines for the performance of spinal injection procedures. Part 1: Zygapophysial joint blocks. Clin J Pain. 1997;13(4):285-302. |
| 276） |
Lilius G, Laasonen EM, Myllynen P, et al. Lumbar facet joint syndrome. A randomised clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1989;71(4):681-4. |
| 277） |
Bonaiuti D, Shea B, Iovine R, et al. Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD000333. |
| 278） |
Carette S, Marcoux S, Truchon R, et al. A controlled trial of corticosteroid injections into facet joints for chronic low back pain. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(14):1002-7. |
| 279） |
Preisinger E, Alacamlioglu Y, Pils K, et al. Exercise therapy for osteoporosis: results of a randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med. 1996;30(3):209-12. |
| 280） |
Papaioannou A, Adachi JD, Winegard K, et al. Efficacy of home-based exercise for improving quality of life among elderly women with symptomatic osteoporosis-related vertebral fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2003;14(8):677-82. |
| 281） |
Kerr D, Ackland T, Maslen B, et al. Resistance training over 2 years increases bone mass in calcium-replete postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16(1):175-81. |
| 282） |
Carter ND, Khan KM, McKay HA, et al. Community-based exercise program reduces risk factors for falls in 65- to 75-year-old women with osteoporosis: randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2002;167(9):997-1004. |
| 283） |
Carter ND, Khan KM, Petit MA, et al. Results of a 10 week community based strength and balance training programme to reduce fall risk factors: a randomised controlled trial in 65-75 year old women with osteoporosis. Br J Sports Med. 2001;35(5):348-51. |
| 284） |
Villareal DT, Steger-May K, Schechtman KB, et al. Effects of exercise training on bone mineral density in frail older women and men: a randomised controlled trial. Age Ageing. 2004;33(3):309-12. |
| 285） |
Heikkinen J, Kyllönen E, Kurttila-Matero E, et al. HRT and exercise: effects on bone density, muscle strength and lipid metabolism. A placebo controlled 2-year prospective trial on two estrogen-progestin regimens in healthy postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 1997;26(2):139-49. |
| 286） |
Gold DT, Shipp KM, Pieper CF, et al. Group treatment improves trunk strength and psychological status in older women with vertebral fractures: results of a randomized, clinical trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(9):1471-8. |
| 287） |
Kontulainen S, Heinonen A, Kannus P, et al. Former exercisers of an 18-month intervention display residual aBMD benefits compared with control women 3.5 years post-intervention: a follow-up of a randomized controlled high-impact trial. Osteoporos Int. 2004;15(3):248-51. |
| 288） |
Milliken LA, Going SB, Houtkooper LB, et al. Effects of exercise training on bone remodeling, insulin-like growth factors, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with and without hormone replacement therapy. Calcif Tissue Int. 2003;72(4):478-84. |
| 289） |
Hans D, Genton L, Drezner MK, et al. Monitored impact loading of the hip: initial testing of a home-use device. Calcif Tissue Int. 2002;71(2):112-20. |
| 290） |
Malmros B, Mortensen L, Jensen MB, et al. Positive effects of physiotherapy on chronic pain and performance in osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 1998;8(3):215-21. |
| 291） |
Vincent KR, Braith RW. Resistance exercise and bone turnover in elderly men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(1):17-23.. |
| 292） |
Bassey EJ, Rothwell MC, Littlewood JJ, et al. Pre- and postmenopausal women have different bone mineral density responses to the same high-impact exercise. J Bone Miner Res. 1998;13(12):1805-13. |
| 293） |
Chapurlat RD, Garnero P, Bréart G, et al. Serum type I collagen breakdown product (serum CTX) predicts hip fracture risk in elderly women: the EPIDOS study. Bone. 2000;27(2):283-6. |
| 294） |
Garnero P, Sornay-Rendu E, Chapuy MC, et al. Increased bone turnover in late postmenopausal women is a major determinant of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 1996;11(3):337-49. |
| 295） |
Gerdhem P, Ivaska KK, Alatalo SL, et al. Biochemical markers of bone metabolism and prediction of fracture in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(3):386-93. |
| 296） |
Shiraki M, Kuroda T, Nakamura T, et al; Adequate Treatment of Osteoporosis (A-TOP) Research Group. The sample size required for intervention studies on fracture prevention can be decreased by using a bone resorption marker in the inclusion criteria: prospective study of a subset of the Nagano Cohort, on behalf of the Adequate Treatment of Osteoporosis (A-TOP) Research Group. J Bone Miner Metab. 2006;24(3):219-25. |
| 297） |
Seibel MJ, Naganathan V, Barton I, et al. Relationship between pretreatment bone resorption and vertebral fracture incidence in postmenopausal osteoporotic women treated with risedronate. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(2):323-9. |
| 298） |
Bauer DC, Garnero P, Hochberg MC, et al; for the Fracture Intervention Research Group. Pretreatment levels of bone turnover and the antifracture efficacy of alendronate: the fracture intervention trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21(2):292-9. |
| 299） |
Bjarnason NH, Sarkar S, Duong T, et al. Six and twelve month changes in bone turnover are related to reduction in vertebral fracture risk during 3 years of raloxifene treatment in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(11):922-30. |
| 300） |
Reginster JY, Sarkar S, Zegels B, et al. Reduction in PINP, a marker of bone metabolism, with raloxifene treatment and its relationship with vertebral fracture risk. Bone. 2004;34(2):344-51. |
| 301） |
Gonnelli S, Cepollaro C, Pondrelli C, et al. The usefulness of bone turnover in predicting the response to transdermal estrogen therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 1997;12(4):624-31. |
| 302） |
Civitelli R, Gonnelli S, Zacchei F, et al. Bone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Effect of calcitonin treatment. J Clin Invest. 1988;82(4):1268-74. |
| 303） |
Hansen MA, Overgaard K, Riis BJ, et al. Role of peak bone mass and bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis: 12 year study. BMJ. 1991;303(6808):961-4. |
| 304） |
藤田拓男，井上哲郎，折笠肇ほか．骨粗鬆症に対するエルカトニンの効果：プラセボを対照薬とした多施設二重盲検比較試験．医学のあゆみ 1990;152:261-82. |
| 305） |
Lips P, van Ginkel FC, Jongen MJ, et al. Determinants of vitamin D status in patients with hip fracture and in elderly control subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987;46(6):1005-10. |
| 306） |
Ooms ME, Lips P, Roos JC, et al. Vitamin D status and sex hormone binding globulin: determinants of bone turnover and bone mineral density in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res. 1995;10(8):1177-84. |
| 307） |
Lips P. Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: consequences for bone loss and fractures and therapeutic implications. Endocr Rev. 2001;22(4):477-501. |
| 308） |
Lips P, Graafmans WC, Ooms ME, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence in elderly persons. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124(4):400-6. |
| 309） |
Thomas MK, Lloyd-Jones DM, Thadhani RI, et al. Hypovitaminosis D in medical inpatients. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(12):777-83. |
| 310） |
Orimo H, Shiraki M, Hayashi Y, et al. Effects of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 on lumbar bone mineral density and vertebral fractures in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int. 1994;54(5):370-6. |
| 311） |
Orimo H, Shiraki M, Hayashi T, et al. Reduced occurrence of vertebral crush fractures in senile osteoporosis treated with 1 alpha (OH)-vitamin D3. Bone Miner. 1987;3(1):47-52. |
| 312） |
Hart JP, Shearer MJ, Klenerman L, et al. Electrochemical detection of depressed circulating levels of vitamin K1 in osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985;60(6):1268-9. |
| 313） |
Feskanich D, Weber P, Willett WC, et al. Vitamin K intake and hip fractures in women: a prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(1):74-9. |
| 314） |
Shiraki M, Fukuchi M, Kiriyama T, et al. Alfacalcidol reduces accelerated bone turnover in elderly women with osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Metab. 2004;22(4):352-9. |
| 315） |
Sato Y, Honda Y, Iwamoto J, et al. Effect of folate and mecobalamin on hip fractures in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;293(9):1082-8. |
| 316） |
Ellenberg SS, Orloff DG, Temple RJ. Homocysteine as a predictive factor for hip fracture in older persons. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(10):1027-30; author reply 1027-30. |
| 317） |
McLean RR, Jacques PF, Selhub J, et al. Homocysteine as a predictive factor for hip fracture in older persons. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(20):2042-9. |
| 318） |
Kaneki M, Hodges SJ, Hosoi T, et al. Japanese fermented soybean food as the major determinant of the large geographic difference in circulating levels of vitamin K2: possible implications for hip-fracture risk. Nutrition. 2001;17(4):315-21. |
| 319） |
Siris ES, Chen YT, Abbott TA, et al. Bone mineral density thresholds for pharmacological intervention to prevent farctures. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(10):1108-12. |
| 320） |
Kanis JA, Johnell O, Black DM, et al. Effect of raloxifene on the risk of new vertebral fracture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis: a reanalysis of the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation trial. Bone. 2003;33(3):293-300. |
| 321） |
Kushida K, Shiraki M, Nakamura T, et al; on behalf of the Alendronate/Alfacalcidol Fracture Intervention Study Group. The efficacy of alendronate in reducing the risk for vertebral fracture in Japanese patients with osteoporosis: a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, double-dummy trial. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2002;63:606-20. |
| 322） |
Watts NB, Josse RG, Hamdy RC, et al. Risedronate prevents new vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women at high risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(2):542-9. |
| 323） |
Siris E, Adachi JD, Lu Y, et al. Effects of raloxifene on fracture severity in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the MORE study. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13(11):907-13. |
| 324） |
Delmas PD, Genant HK, Crans GG, et al. Severity of prevalent vertebral fractures and the risk of subsequent vertebral and nonvertebral fractures: results from the MORE trial. Bone. 2003;33(4):522-32. |
| 325） |
Lamke B, Sjöberg HE, Sylvén M. Bone mineral content in women with Colles' fracture: effect of calcium supplementation. Acta Orthop Scand. 1978;49(2):143-6. |
| 326） |
Riis B, Thomsen K, Christiansen C. Does calcium supplementation prevent postmenopausal bone loss? A double-blind, controlled clinical study. N Engl J Med. 1987;316(4):173-7. |
| 327） |
Hansson T, Roos B. The effect of fluoride and calcium on spinal bone mineral content: a controlled, prospective (3 years) study. Calcif Tissue Int. 1987;40(6):315-7. |
| 328） |
Smith EL, Gilligan C, Smith PE, et al. Calcium supplementation and bone loss in middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989;50(4):833-42. |
| 329） |
Dawson-Hughes B, Dallal GE, Krall EA, et al. A controlled trial of the effect of calcium supplementation on bone density in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 1990;323(13):878-83. |
| 330） |
Prince RL, Smith M, Dick IM, et al. Prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. A comparative study of exercise, calcium supplementation, and hormone-replacement therapy. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(17):1189-95. |
| 331） |
Nelson ME, Fisher EC, Dilmanian FA, et al. A 1-y walking program and increased dietary calcium in postmenopausal women: effects on bone. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53(5):1304-11. |
| 332） |
Reid IR, Ames RW, Evans MC, et al. Effect of calcium supplementation on bone loss in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 1993;328(7):460-4. |
| 333） |
Strause L, Saltman P, Smith KT, et al. Spinal bone loss in postmenopausal women supplemented with calcium and trace minerals. J Nutr. 1994;124(7):1060-4. |
| 334） |
Chevalley T, Rizzoli R, Nydegger V, et al. Effects of calcium supplements on femoral bone mineral density and vertebral fracture rate in vitamin-D-replete elderly patients. Osteoporos Int. 1994;4(5):245-52. |
| 335） |
Aloia JF, Vaswani A, Yeh JK, et al. Calcium supplementation with and without hormone replacement therapy to prevent postmenopausal bone loss. Ann Intern Med. 1994;120(2):97-103. |
| 336） |
Prince R, Devine A, Dick I, et al. The effects of calcium supplementation (milk powder or tablets) and exercise on bone density in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 1995;10(7):1068-75. |
| 337） |
Recker RR, Hinders S, Davies M, et al. Correcting calcium nutritional deficiency prevents spine fractures in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res. 1996;11(12):1961-6. |
| 338） |
Riggs BL, O'Fallon WM, Muhs J, et al. Long-term effects of calcium supplementation on serum parathyroid hormone level, bone turnover, and bone loss in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res. 1998;13(2):168-74. |
| 339） |
Porthouse J, Cockayne S, King C, et al. Randomised controlled trial of calcium and supplementation with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) for prevention of fractures in primary care. BMJ. 2005;330(7498):1003. |
| 340） |
Effects of hormone therapy on bone mineral density: results from the postmenopausal estrogen/progestin interventions (PEPI) trial. The Writing Group for the PEPI. JAMA. 1996;276(17):1389-96. |
| 341） |
Lindsay R, Gallagher JC, Kleerekoper M, et al. Effect of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens with and without medroxyprogesterone acetate on bone in early postmenopausal women. JAMA. 2002;287(20):2668-76. |
| 342） |
Lindsay R, Gallagher JC, Kleerekoper M, et al. Bone response to treatment with lower doses of conjugated estrogens with and without medroxyprogesterone acetate in early postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(4):372-9. |
| 343） |
Weiss SR, Ellman H, Dolker M. A randomized controlled trial of four doses of transdermal estradiol for preventing postmenopausal bone loss. Transdermal Estradiol Investigator Group. Obstet Gynecol. 1999;94(3):330-6. |
| 344） |
McKeever C, McIlwain H, Greenwald M, et al. An estradiol matrix transdermal system for the prevention of postmenopausal bone loss. Clin Ther. 2000;22(7):845-57. |
| 345） |
Notelovitz M, John VA, Good WR. Effectiveness of Alora estradiol matrix transdermal delivery system in improving lumbar bone mineral density in healthy, postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2002;9(5):343-53. |
| 346） |
Arrenbrecht S, Boermans AJ. Effects of transdermal estradiol delivered by a matrix patch on bone density in hysterectomized, postmenopausal women: a 2-year placebo-controlled trial. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13(2):176-83. |
| 347） |
Delmas PD, Confavreux E, Garnero P, et al. A combination of low doses of 17 beta-estradiol and norethisterone acetate prevents bone loss and normalizes bone turnover in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11(2):177-87. |
| 348） |
Bjarnason NH, Byrjalsen I, Hassager C, et al. Low doses of estradiol in combination with gestodene to prevent early postmenopausal bone loss. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183(3):550-60. |
| 349） |
Lees B, Stevenson JC. The prevention of osteoporosis using sequential low-dose hormone replacement therapy with estradiol-17 beta and dydrogesterone. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(4):251-8. |
| 350） |
Rubinacci A, Peruzzi E, Modena AB, et al. Effect of low-dose transdermal E2/NETA on the reduction of postmenopausal bone loss in women. Menopause. 2003;10(3):241-9. |
| 351） |
Torgerson DJ, Bell-Syer SE. Hormone replacement therapy and prevention of nonvertebral fractures: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2001;285(22):2891-7. |
| 352） |
Cauley JA, Robbins J, Chen Z, et al; Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on risk of fracture and bone mineral density: the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA. 2003;290(13):1729-38. |
| 353） |
Anderson GL, Limacher M, Assaf AR, et al; Women's Health Initiative Steering Committee. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291(14):1701-12. |
| 354） |
Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al; Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288(3):321-33. |
| 355） |
Wright J, Naftolin F, Schneider HP, et al; Executive Committee of the International Menopause Society. Guidelines for the hormone treatment of women in the menopausal transition and beyond. Position statement by the Executive Committee of the International Menopause Society. Maturitas. 2004;48(1):27-31. |
| 356） |
日本更年期医学会ホームページ（http://www.j-menopause.com/）. |
| 357） |
Manson JE, Hsia J, Johnson KC, et al; Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(6):523-34. |
| 358） |
Komulainen MH, Kröger H, Tuppurainen MT, et al. HRT and Vit D in prevention of non-vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women; a 5 year randomized trial. Maturitas. 1998;31(1):45-54. |
| 359） |
Grant AM, Avenell A, Campbell MK, et al; RECORD Trial Group. Oral vitamin D3 and calcium for secondary prevention of low-trauma fractures in elderly people (Randomised Evaluation of Calcium Or vitamin D, RECORD): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;365(9471):1621-8. |
| 360） |
Pasco JA, Henry MJ, Kotowicz MA, et al. Seasonal periodicity of serum vitamin D and parathyroid hormone, bone resorption, and fractures: the Geelong Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(5):752-8. |
| 361） |
Levis S, Gomez A, Jimenez C, et al. Vitamin d deficiency and seasonal variation in an adult South Florida population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(3):1557-62. |
| 362） |
Lips P, Duong T, Oleksik A, et al. A global study of vitamin D status and parathyroid function in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: baseline data from the multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(3):1212-21. |
| 363） |
Kobayashi T, Okano T, Shida S, et al. Variation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 levels in human plasma obtained from 758 Japanese healthy subjects. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1983;29(3):271-81. |
| 364） |
Dawson-Hughes B, Heaney RP, Holick MF, et al. Estimates of optimal vitamin D status. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(7):713-6. |
| 365） |
Sato Y, Asoh T, Kondo I, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of hip fractures among disabled elderly stroke patients. Stroke. 2001;32(7):1673-7. |
| 366） |
Sato Y, Inose M, Higuchi I, et al. Changes in the supporting muscles of the fractured hip in elderly women. Bone. 2002;30(1):325-30. |
| 367） |
Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW, et al. Effects of a short-term vitamin D and calcium supplementation on body sway and secondary hyperparathyroidism in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15(6):1113-8. |
| 368） |
Bischoff HA, Stähelin HB, Dick W, et al. Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18(2):343-51. |
| 369） |
Verhaar HJ, Samson MM, Jansen PA, et al. Muscle strength, functional mobility and vitamin D in older women. Aging (Milano). 2000;12(6):455-60. |
| 370） |
Dukas L, Bischoff HA, Lindpaintner LS, et al. Alfacalcidol reduces the number of fallers in a community-dwelling elderly population with a minimum calcium intake of more than 500 mg daily. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(2):230-6. |
| 371） |
Dukas L, Schacht E, Mazor Z, et al. Treatment with alfacalcidol in elderly people significantly decreases the high risk of falls associated with a low creatinine clearance of <65 ml/min. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(2):198-203. |
| 372） |
Gallagher JC, Fowler SE, Detter JR, et al. Combination treatment with estrogen and calcitriol in the prevention of age-related bone loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(8):3618-28. |
| 373） |
Gallagher JC. The effects of calcitriol on falls and fractures and physical performance tests. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2004;89-90(1-5):497-501 |
| 374） |
Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Borchers M, Gudat F, et al. Vitamin D receptor expression in human muscle tissue decreases with age. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(2):265-9. |
| 375） |
伊丹康人，藤田拓男，井上哲郎ほか．Alfacalcidol（1α-OH-D3）の骨粗鬆症に対する効果；多施設二重盲検法による比較．医学のあゆみ 1982;123:958-9. |
| 376） |
Shiraki M, Kushida K, Yamazaki K, et al. Effects of 2 years' treatment of osteoporosis with 1 alpha-hydroxy vitamin D3 on bone mineral density and incidence of fracture: a placebo-controlled, double-blind prospective study. Endocr J. 1996;43(2):211-20. |
| 377） |
Ott SM, Chesnut CH 3rd. Calcitriol treatment is not effective in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Ann Intern Med. 1989;110(4):267-74. |
| 378） |
Ishida Y, Kawai S. Comparative efficacy of hormone replacement therapy, etidronate, calcitonin, alfacalcidol, and vitamin K in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: The Yamaguchi Osteoporosis Prevention Study. Am J Med. 2004;117(8):549-55. |
| 379） |
Hayashi Y, Fujita T, Inoue T. Decrease of vertebral fracture in osteoporosis by administration of 1 α-hydroxy-vitamin D3. J Bone Mineral Metab 1992;10:184-8. |
| 380） |
Tilyard MW, Spears GF, Thomson J, et al. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with calcitriol or calcium. N Engl J Med. 1992;326(6):357-62. |
| 381） |
Tanizawa T, Imura K, Ishii Y, et al. Treatment with active vitamin D metabolites and concurrent treatments in the prevention of hip fractures: a retrospective study. Osteoporos Int. 1999;9(2):163-70. |
| 382） |
Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Willett WC, et al. Effect of Vitamin D on falls: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2004;291(16):1999-2006. |
| 383） |
de Nijs RN, Jacobs JW, Algra A, et al. Prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis with active vitamin D3 analogues: a review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials including organ transplantation studies. Osteoporos Int. 2004;15(8):589-602. |
| 384） |
Bouckaert JH, Said AH. Fracture healing by vitamin K. Nature. 1960;185:849. |
| 385） |
Szulc P, Chapuy MC, Meunier PJ, et al. Serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin is a marker of the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. J Clin Invest. 1993;91(4):1769-74. |
| 386） |
金木正夫ほか．退行期骨粗鬆症におけるビタミンK濃度の検討．日老医会誌 1995;32:195-9. |
| 387） |
折笠肇ほか．骨粗鬆症に対するEa-0167 (menatetrenone)の臨床評価：アルファカルシドールを対照とした臨床第III相多施設二重盲検比較試験．臨床評価 1992;20:45-100. |
| 388） |
Orimo H, Shiraki M, Tomita A, et al. Effects of menatetrenone on the bone and calcium metabolism in osteoporosis: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Bone Miner Metab 1998;16:106-12. |
| 389） |
Sato Y, Honda Y, Kuno H, et al. Menatetrenone ameliorates osteopenia in disuse-affected limbs of vitamin D-and K-deficient stroke patients. Bone. 1998;23(3):291-6. |
| 390） |
Cockayne S, Adamson J, Lanham-New S, et al. Vitamin K and the prevention of fractures: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(12):1256-61. |
| 391） |
Yonemura K, Fukasawa H, Fujigaki Y, et al. Protective effect of vitamins K2 and D3 on prednisolone-induced loss of bone mineral density in the lumbar spine. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43(1):53-60. |
| 392） |
Shiomi S, Nishiguchi S, Kubo S, et al. Vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) for bone loss in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97(4):978-81. |
| 393） |
Sato Y, Honda Y, Kaji M, et al. Amelioration of osteoporosis by menatetrenone in elderly female Parkinson's disease patients with vitamin D deficiency. Bone. 2002;31(1):114-8. |
| 394） |
Watts NB, Harris ST, Genant HK, et al. Intermittent cyclical etidronate treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 1990;323(2):73-9. |
| 395） |
Miller PD, Watts NB, Licata AA, et al. Cyclical etidronate in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: efficacy and safety after seven years of treatment. Am J Med. 1997;103(6):468-76. |
| 396） |
Herd RJ, Balena R, Blake GM, et al. The prevention of early postmenopausal bone loss by cyclical etidronate therapy: a 2-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Med. 1997;103(2):92-9. |
| 397） |
Cortet B, Béra-Louville A, Gauthier P, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety study of etidronate and alendronate in postmenopausal osteoporosis. effect of adding hormone replacement therapy. Joint Bone Spine. 2001;68(5):410-5. |
| 398） |
Murakami H, Takahashi N, Sasaki T, et al. A possible mechanism of the specific action of bisphosphonates on osteoclasts: tiludronate preferentially affects polarized osteoclasts having ruffled borders. Bone. 1995;17(2):137-44 |
| 399） |
藤田拓男，折笠肇，井上哲郎ほか．退行期骨粗鬆症に対するアルファカルシードルを対照としたエチドロン酸ナトリウム（EHDP）の二重盲検比較試験．Clin Eval 1993;21:261-302. |
| 400） |
折笠肇，藤田拓男，井上哲郎．骨粗鬆症に対するEHDPの用法設定試験（第1報，第2報）．基礎と臨床 1994;28:487-540. |
| 401） |
Fukunaga, M, Kushida, K, Kishimoto H, et al. A comparison of the effect of risedronate and etidronate on lumbar bone mineral density in Japanese patients with osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13(12):971-9. |
| 402） |
Adachi JD, Bensen WG, Brown J, et al. Intermittent etidronate therapy to prevent corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(6):382-7. |
| 403） |
Roux C, Oriente P, Laan R, et al. Randomized trial of effect of cyclical etidronate in the prevention of corticosteroid-induced bone loss. Ciblos Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(4):1128-33. |
| 404） |
Wimalawansa SJ. A four-year randomized controlled trial of hormone replacement and bisphosphonate, alone or in combination, in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Am J Med. 1998;104(3):219-26. |
| 405） |
Wimalawansa SJ. Combined therapy with estrogen and etidronate has an additive effect on bone mineral density in the hip and vertebrae: four-year randomized study. Am J Med. 1995;99(1):36-42. |
| 406） |
Masud T, Mulcahy B, Thompson AV, et al. Effects of cyclical etidronate combined with calcitriol versus cyclical etidronate alone on spine and femoral neck bone mineral density in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Ann Rheum Dis. 1998;57(6):346-9. |
| 407） |
Cranney A, Guyatt G, Griffith L, et al. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. IX: Summary of meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Rev. 2002;23(4):570-8. |
| 408） |
Papapoulos SE, Quandt SA, Liberman UA, et al. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of alendronate for the prevention of hip fractures in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(5):468-74. |
| 409） |
Cranney A, Wells G, Willan A, et al; Osteoporosis Methodology Group and The Osteoporosis Research Advisory Group. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. II. Meta-analysis of alendronate for the treatment of postmenopausal women. Endocr Rev. 2002;23(4):508-16. |
| 410） |
Orwoll E, Ettinger M, Weiss S, et al. Alendronate for the treatment of osteoporosis in men. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(9):604-10. |
| 411） |
Sawka AM, Papaioannou A, Adachi JD, et al. Does alendronate reduce the risk of fracture in men? A meta-analysis incorporating prior knowledge of anti-fracture efficacy in women. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005;6:39. |
| 412） |
Saag KG, Emkey R, Schnitzer TJ, et al. Alendronate for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis Intervention Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(5):292-9. |
| 413） |
Adachi JD, Saag KG, Delmas PD, et al. Two-year effects of alendronate on bone mineral density and vertebral fracture in patients receiving glucocorticoids: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled extension trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44(1):202-11. |
| 414） |
Black DM, Thompson DE, Bauer DC, et al. Fracture risk reduction with alendronate in women with osteoporosis: the Fracture Intervention Trial. FIT Research Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(11):4118-24. |
| 415） |
Wehren LE, Hosking D, Hochberg MC. Putting evidence-based medicine into clinical practice: comparing anti-resorptive agents for the treatment of osteoporosis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20(4):525-31. |
| 416） |
Uchida S, Taniguchi T, Shimizu T, et al. Therapeutic effects of alendronate 35 mg once weekly and 5 mg once daily in Japanese patients with osteoporosis: a double-blind, randomized study. J Bone Miner Metab. 2005;23(5):382-8. |
| 417） |
Borah B, Dufresne TE, Ritman EL, et al. Long-term risedronate treatment normalizes mineralization and continues to preserve trabecular architecture: sequential triple biopsy studies with micro-computed tomography. Bone. 2006;39(2):345-52. |
| 418） |
Zoehrer R, Roschger P, Paschalis EP, et al. Effects of 3- and 5-year treatment with risedronate on bone mineralization density distribution in triple biopsies of the iliac crest in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21(7):1106-12. |
| 419） |
Fukunaga M, Kushida K, Kishimoto H, et al; Risedronate Phase III Research Group. A comparison of the effect of risedronate and etidronate on lumbar bone mineral density in Japanese patients with osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13(12):971-9. |
| 420） |
Fogelman I, Ribot C, Smith R, et al. Risedronate reverses bone loss in postmenopausal women with low bone mass: results from a multinational, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMD-MN Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(5):1895-900. |
| 421） |
Wallach S, Cohen S, Reid DM, et al. Effects of risedronate treatment on bone density and vertebral fracture in patients on corticosteroid therapy. Calcif Tissue Int. 2000;67(4):277-85. |
| 422） |
Ringe JD, Faber H, Farahmand P, et al. Efficacy of risedronate in men with primary and secondary osteoporosis: results of a 1-year study. Rheumatol Int. 2006;26(5):427-31. |
| 423） |
Cranney A, Tugwell P, Adachi J, et al; Osteoporosis Methodology Group and The Osteoporosis Research Advisory Group. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. III. Meta-analysis of risedronate for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Rev. 2002;23(4):517-23. |
| 424） |
Reginster J, Minne HW, Sorensen OH, et al. Randomized trial of the effects of risedronate on vertebral fractures in women with established postmenopausal osteoporosis. Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11(1):83-91. |
| 425） |
Mellström DD, Sörensen OH, Goemaere S, et al. Seven years of treatment with risedronate in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int. 2004;75(6):462-8. |
| 426） |
Harris ST, Watts NB, Li Z, et al. Two-year efficacy and tolerability of risedronate once a week for the treatment of women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004;20(5):757-64. |
| 427） |
Kishimoto H, Fukunaga M, Kushida K, et al; Risedronate Phase III Research Group. Efficacy and tolerability of once-weekly administration of 17.5 mg risedronate in Japanese patients with involutional osteoporosis: a comparison with 2.5-mg once-daily dosage regimen. J Bone Miner Metab. 2006;24(5):405-13. |
| 428） |
Norris JD, Paige LA, Christensen DJ, et al. Peptide antagonists of the human estrogen receptor. Science. 1999;285(5428):744-6. |
| 429） |
Delmas PD, Ensrud KE, Adachi JD, et al; Mulitple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation Investigators. Efficacy of raloxifene on vertebral fracture risk reduction in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: four-year results from a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(8):3609-17. |
| 430） |
Nakamura T, Matsumoto T, Fukunaga M, et al. Comparison of the effect of raloxifene on bone between Japanese and Caucasian postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 2004;19(Suppl 1):S301. |
| 431） |
Lufkin EG, Wong M, Deal C. The role of selective estrogen receptor modulators in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2001;27(1):163-85, vii. |
| 432） |
Maricic M, Adachi JD, Sarkar S, et al. Early effects of raloxifene on clinical vertebral fractures at 12 months in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(10):1140-3. |
| 433） |
Lufkin E, Wu W, Wong M, et al. Raloxifene decreases the relative risk of multiple (≧2) new vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the MORE study. North American Menopause Society 12th Annual Meeting Program and Abstract Book 2001;70 (Poster 21). |
| 434） |
Nakamura T, Liu JL, Morii H, et al. Effect of raloxifene on clinical fractures in Asian women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Metab. 2006;24(5):414-8 |
| 435） |
Cranney A, Tugwell P, Zytaruk N, et al; Osteoporosis Methodology Group and The Osteoporosis Research Advisory Group. Meta-analyses of therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis. IV. Meta-analysis of raloxifene for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Rev. 2002;23(4):524-8. |
| 436） |
Ringe JD, Muhlenbacher D, Beck H. Diagnosis and therapy of osteoporosis in medical practice in Germany: a survey of 5902 female patients with osteoporosis prior to and after raloxifene treatment. Osteologie 2003;12:23-30. |
| 437） |
Ikegame M, Ejiri S, Ozawa H. Histochemical and autoradiographic studies on elcatonin internalization and intracellular movement in osteoclasts. J Bone Miner Res. 1994;9(1):25-37. |
| 438） |
Seeman E, Crans GG, Diez-Perez A, et al. Anti-vertebral fracture efficacy of raloxifene: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(2):313-6. |
| 439） |
Orimo H, Morii H, Inoue T, et al. Effect of elcatonin on involutional osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Metab 1996;14:73-8. |
| 440） |
Ushiroyama T, Ikeda A, Sakai M, et al. Effects of the combined use of calcitonin and 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol on vertebral bone loss and bone turnover in women with postmenopausal osteopenia and osteoporosis: a prospective study of long-term and continuous administration with low dose calcitonin. Maturitas. 2001;40(3):229-38. |
| 441） |
Meschia M, Brincat M, Barbacini P, et al. A clinical trial on the effects of a combination of elcatonin (carbocalcitonin) and conjugated estrogens on vertebral bone mass in early postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int. 1993;53(1):17-20. |
| 442） |
Fujita T, Fujii Y, Goto B, et al. A three-year comparative trial in osteoporosis treatment: effect of combined alfacalcidol and elcatonin. J Bone Miner Metab 1997;15:223-6. |
| 443） |
井上旬二．カルシトニン長期使用例の骨密度変化について．Osteoporosis Jpn 2004;12:601-6. |
| 444） |
Ito A, Kumamoto E, Takeda M, et al. Mechanisms for ovariectomy-induced hyperalgesia and its relief by calcitonin: participation of 5-HT1A-like receptor on C-afferent terminals in substantia gelatinosa of the rat spinal cord. J Neurosci. 2000;20(16):6302-8. |
| 445） |
Yoshimura M. Analgesic mechanism of calcitonin. J Bone Miner Metab. 2000;18(4):230-3. |
| 446） |
伊丹康人，井上哲郎，高橋栄明ほか．老人性骨粗鬆症に伴う腰背痛に対するエルカトニンの効果；多施設二重盲検法による4：1用量比の群間比較．医学のあゆみ 1982;120:1180-95. |
| 447） |
Knopp JA, Diner BM, Blitz M, et al. Calcitonin for treating acute pain of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(10):1281-90. |
| 448） |
Yoh K, Tanaka K, Ishikawa A, et al. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in Japanese osteoporotic patients and its improvement by elcatonin treatment. J Bone Miner Metab. 2005;23(2):167-73. |
| 449） |
Brown JP, Josse RG; Scientific Advisory Council of the Osteoporosis Society of Canada. 2002 clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in Canada. CMAJ. 2002;167(10 Suppl):S1-34. |
| 450） |
Notoya K, Yoshida K, Taketomi S, et al. Inhibitory effect of ipriflavone on osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and new osteoclast formation in long-term cultures of mouse unfractionated bone cells. Calcif Tissue Int. 1993;53(3):206-9. |
| 451） |
Notoya K, Yoshida K, Tsukuda R, et al. Effect of ipriflavone on expression of markers characteristic of the osteoblast phenotype in rat bone marrow stromal cell culture. J Bone Miner Res. 1994;9(3):395-400. |
| 452） |
Gennari C, Adami S, Agnusdei D, et al. Effect of chronic treatment with ipriflavone in postmenopausal women with low bone mass. Calcif Tissue Int. 1997;61 Suppl 1:S19-22. |
| 453） |
Maugeri D, Panebianco P, Russo MS, et al. Ipriflavone-treatment of senile osteoporosis: results of a multicenter, double-blind clinical trial of 2 years. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1994;19(3):253-63. |
| 454） |
Agnusdei L, Crepaldi G, Isaia G, et al. A double blind, placebo-controlled trial of ipriflavone for prevention of postmenopausal spinal bone loss. Calcif Tissue Int. 1997;61(2):142-7. |
| 455） |
藤田拓男，吉川靖三，小野哲郎ほか．骨粗鬆症に対するTC-80（ipriflavone）錠の有用性：多施設二重盲検比較対照試験．医学のあゆみ 1986;138:113-41. |
| 456） |
Kovács AB. Efficacy of ipriflavone in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Agents Actions. 1994;41(1-2):86-7. |
| 457） |
Agnusdei D, Adami S, Cervetti R, et al. Effects of ipriflavone on bone mass and calcium metabolism in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone Miner. 1992;19 Suppl 1:S43-8. |
| 458） |
Alexandersen P, Toussaint A, Christiansen C, et al; Ipriflavone Multicenter European Fracture Study. Ipriflavone in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001;285(11):1482-8. |
| 459） |
Ohta H, Makita K, Suda Y, et al. Influence of oophorectomy on serum levels of sex steroids and bone metabolism and assessment of bone mineral density in lumbar trabecular bone by QCT-C value. J Bone Miner Res. 1992;7(6):659-65. |
| 460） |
Marshall DH, Crilly RG, Nordin BE. Plasma androstenedione and oestrone levels in normal and osteoporotic postmenopausal women. Br Med J. 1977;2(6096):1177-9. |
| 461） |
Wild RA, Buchanan JR, Myers C, et al. Adrenal androgens, sex-hormone binding globulin and bone density in osteoporotic menopausal women: is there a relationship? Maturitas. 1987;9(1):55-61. |
| 462） |
Taelman P, Kaufman JM, Janssens X, et al. Persistence of increased bone resorption and possible role of dehydroepiandrosterone as a bone metabolism determinant in osteoporotic women in late post-menopause. Maturitas. 1989;11(1):65-73. |
| 463） |
Need AG, Morris HA, Hartley TF, et al. Effects of nandrolone decanoate on forearm mineral density and calcium metabolism in osteoporotic postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int. 1987;41(1):7-10. |
| 464） |
Nordin BE, Robertson A, Seamark RF, et al. The relation between calcium absorption, serum dehydroepiandrosterone, and vertebral mineral density in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985;60(4):651-7. |
| 465） |
Vermeulen A, Deslypere JP, Paridaens R. Steroid dynamics in the normal and pathologic mammary gland. J Steroid Biochem 1986;25(5B):799-802. |
| 466） |
Need AG, Chatterton BE, Walker CJ, et al. Comparison of calcium, calcitriol, ovarian hormones and nandrolone in the treatment of osteoporosis. Maturitas. 1986;8(4):275-80. |
| 467） |
Johansen JS, Hassager C, Podenphant J, et al. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: is the anabolic steroid nandrolone decanoate a candidate? Bone Miner. 1989;6(1):77-86. |
| 468） |
Need AG, Nordin BE, Chatterton BE. Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of treatment of osteoporosis with the anabolic nandrolone decanoate. Osteoporos Int. 1993;3 Suppl 1:218-22. |
| 469） |
Lyritis GP, Androulakis C, Magiasis B, et al. Effect of nandrolone decanoate and 1-alpha-hydroxy-calciferol on patients with vertebral osteoporotic collapse. A double-blind clinical trial. Bone Miner. 1994;27(3):209-17. |
| 470） |
Miller PD, McClung MR, Macovei L, et al. Monthly oral ibandronate therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis: 1-year results from the MOBILE study. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20(8):1315-22. |
| 471） |
Morii H, Nishizawa Y, Taketani Y, et al; for ONO-5920 Phase II Osteoporosis Treatment Research Group. A randomized controlled trial with ONO-5920 (minodronate/YM529) in Japanese patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis (Abstract #M342, 24th Annual Meeting of the ASBMR). J Bone Miner Res 2002;17(Suppl 1):M342. |
| 472） |
McClung M, Omizo M, Weiss S, et al. Comparison of lasofoxifene and raloxifene for the prevention of bone loss in postmenopausal women (Abstract #F424, 26th Annual Meeting of the ASBMR). J Bone Miner Res 2004;19 (Suppl 1):S96. |
| 473） |
Fujita T, Inoue T, Morii H, et al. Effect of an intermittent weekly dose of human parathyroid hormone (1-34) on osteoporosis: a randomized double-masked prospective study using three dose levels. Osteoporos Int. 1999;9(4):296-306. |
| 474） |
Matsumoto T, Shiraki M, Hagino H, et al. Daily nasal spray of hPTH(1-34) for 3 months increases bone mass in osteoporotic subjects: a pilot study. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(10):1532-8. |
| 475） |
Matsumoto T, Miki T, Hagino H, et al. A new active vitamin D, ED-71, increases bone mass in osteoporotic patients under vitamin D supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(9):5031-6. |
| 476） |
Bekker PJ, Holloway DL, Rasmussen AS, et al. A single-dose placebo-controlled study of AMG 162, a fully human monoclonal antibody to RANKL, in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(7):1059-66. |
| 477） |
McClung MR, Lewiecki EM, Cohen SB, et al; AMG 162 Bone Loss Study Group. Denosumab in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(8):821-31. |
| 478） |
Greenspan SL, Resnick NM, Parker RA. Combination therapy with hormone replacement and alendronate for prevention of bone loss in elderly women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003;289(19):2525-33. |
| 479） |
Heckman GA, Papaioannou A, Sebaldt RJ et al. Effect of vitamin D on bone mineral density of elderly patients with osteoporosis responding poorly to bisphosphonates. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2002;3:6. |
| 480） |
Wimalawansa SJ. Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis: efficacy of combination of hormone replacement therapy with other antiresorptive agents. J Clin Densitom. 2000;3(2):187-201. |
| 481） |
Compston JE, Watts NB. Combination therapy for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2002;56(5):565-9 |
| 482） |
Black DM, Greenspan SL, Ensrud KE, et al; PaTH Study Investigators. The effects of parathyroid hormone and alendronate alone or in combination in postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(13):1207-15. |
| 483） |
Cosman F, Nieves J, Woelfert L, et al. Parathyroid hormone added to established hormone therapy: effects on vertebral fracture and maintenance of bone mass after parathyroid hormone withdrawal. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16(5):925-31. |
| 484） |
Binkley N, Krueger D. Combination therapy for osteoporosis: considerations and controversy. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2005;3(4):150-4. |
| 485） |
Glorieux FH, Bishop NJ, Plotkin H, et al. Cyclic administration of pamidronate in children with severe osteogenesis imperfecta. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(14):947-52. |
| 486） |
Recommendations for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. American College of Rheumatology Task Force on Osteoporosis Guidelines. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39(11):1791-801. |
| 487） |
Eastell R, Reid DM, Compston J, et al. A UK Consensus Group on management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: an update. J Intern Med. 1998;244(4):271-92. |
| 488） |
Adachi JD, Olszynski WP, Hanley DA, et al. Management of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2000;29(4):228-51. |
| 489） |
Recommendations for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: 2001 update. American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44(7):1496-503. |
| 490） |
Bone and Tooth Society, National Osteoporosis Society, Royal College of Physicians. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: guidelines for prevention and treatment. London: Royal College of Physicians; 2002. |
| 491） |
Nawata H, Soen S, Takayanagi R, et al; The Subcommittee to Study Diagnostic Criteria for Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis. Guidelines on the management and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis of the Japanese Society for Bone and Mineral Research (2004). J Bone Miner Metab. 2005;23(2):105-9. |
| 492） |
田中郁子，大島久三．ステロイド性骨粗鬆症の診断と治療に関する縦断研究．診断・治療指針への予備的検討．Osteoporosis Jpn 2003;11:11-4. |
| 493） |
van Staa TP, Leufkens HG, Cooper C. The epidemiology of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13(10):777-87 |
| 494） |
骨粗鬆症の治療（薬物療法）に関するガイドライン2002年度改訂版．骨粗鬆症の治療（薬物療法）に関するガイドライン作成ワーキンググループ（代表：折笠肇）．Osteoporosis Jpn 2002;10:637-709. |
| 495） |
Cohen S, Levy RM, Keller M, et al. Risedronate therapy prevents corticosteroid-induced bone loss: a twelve-month, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42(11):2309-18. |
| 496） |
Reid DM, Hughes RA, Laan RF, et al. Efficacy and safety of daily risedronate in the treatment of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis in men and women: a randomized trial. European Corticosteroid-Induced Osteoporosis Treatment Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15(6):1006-13. |
| 497） |
Sato S, Ohosone Y, Suwa A, et al. Effect of intermittent cyclical etidronate therapy on corticosteroid induced osteoporosis in Japanese patients with connective tissue disease: 3 year followup. J Rheumatol. 2003;30(12):2673-9. |
| 498） |
Nakayamada S, Okada Y, Saito K, et al. Etidronate prevents high dose glucocorticoid induced bone loss in premenopausal individuals with systemic autoimmune diseases. J Rheumatol. 2004;31(1):163-6. |
| 499） |
de Nijs RN, Jacobs JW, Algra A, et al. Prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis with active vitamin D3 analogues: a review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials including organ transplantation studies. Osteoporos Int. 2004;15(8):589-602. |
| 500） |
de Nijs RN, Jacobs JW, Lems WF, et al; STOP Investigators. Alendronate or alfacalcidol in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(7):675-84. |
| 501） |
Sambrook PN, Kotowicz M, Nash P, et al. Prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: a comparison of calcitriol, vitamin D plus calcium, and alendronate plus calcium. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18(5):919-24. |
| 502） |
Mok CC, To CH, Mak A, et al. Raloxifene for postmenopausal women with systemic lupus erythematosus: a pilot randomized controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(12):3997-4002. |
| 503） |
福井次矢，丹後俊郎．診療ガイドラインの作成手順（http://www.niph.go.jp/glgl-4.3rev.htm）. |
| 504） |
Cummings SR, Eckert S, Krueger KA, et al. The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: results from the MORE randomized trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation. JAMA. 1999;281(23):2189-97. |
| 505） |
骨粗鬆症トライアルデータベース（http://www.ebm-library.jp/osteo/index_top.html）. |
| 506） |
A-TOP研究会（http://www.a-top.jp/）. |
| 507） |
白木正孝，黒田龍彦．薬剤の併用療法の実態と骨粗鬆症至適療法研究（A-TOP study）の紹介．Medical Practice 2004;21:1731-4. |
| 508） |
萩野浩．骨粗鬆症治療の費用対効果分析．日本臨牀 2002;60 Suppl 3:645-54. |
| 509） |
林泰史．寝たきり患者数と原因．Clin Calcium 1999;9:1186-8. |
| 510） |
太田壽城，原田敦，徳田治彦ほか．日本における大腿部頚部骨折の医療経済．日老医会誌 2002;39(5):483-8. |
| 511） |
原田敦，松井康素，竹村真里枝ほか．骨粗鬆症の医療経済：疫学，費用と介入別費用・効用分析．日老医会誌 2005;42:654-7. |
| 512） |
Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, et al. Intervention thresholds for osteoporosis in men and women: a study based on data from Sweden. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(1):6-14 |
| 513） |
Kanis JA, Brazier JE, Stevenson M, et al. Treatment of established osteoporosis: a systematic review and cost-utility analysis. Health Technol Assess. 2002;6(29):1-146. |
| 514） |
Schousboe JT, Nyman JA, Kane RL, et al. Cost-effecttiveness of alendronate therapy for osteopenic postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142(9):734-41. |
| 515） |
Brecht JG, Kruse HP, Felsenberg D, et al. Pharmacoeconomic analysis of osteoporosis treatment with risedronate. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 2003;23(4):93-105. |
| 516） |
Iglesias CP, Torgerson DJ, Bearne A, et al. The cost utility of bisphosphonate treatment in established osteoporosis. QJM. 2002;95(5):305-11. |
| 517） |
Borgström F, Johnell O, Kanis JA, et al. Cost effectiveness of raloxifene in the treatment of osteoporosis in Sweden: an economic evaluation based on the MORE study. Pharmacoeconomics. 2004;22(17):1153-65. |
| 518） |
Kanis JA, Borgström F, Johnell O, et al. Cost-effectiveness of raloxifene in the UK: an economic evaluation based on the MORE study. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(1):15-25. |
| 519） |
Stevenson M, Jones ML, De Nigris E, et al. A systematic review and economic evaluation of alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, raloxifene and teriparatide for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Health Technol Assess. 2005;9(22):1-160. |
| 520） |
Lundkvist J, Johnell O, Cooper C, et al. Economic evaluation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(2):201-11. |
| 521） |
Coyle D, Cranney A, Lee KM, et al. Cost effectiveness of nasal calcitonin in postmenopausal women: use of Cochrane Collaboration methods for meta-analysis within economic evaluation. Pharmacoeconomics. 2001;19(5 Pt 2):565-75. |
| 522） |
Pongchaiyakul C, Nguyen ND, Eisman JA, et al. Clinical risk indices, prediction of osteoporosis, and prevention of fractures: diagnostic consequences and costs. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(11):1444-50. |
| 523） |
Kraemer DF, Nelson HD, Bauer DC, et al. Economic comparison of diagnostic approaches for evaluating osteoporosis in older women. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(1):68-76. |
| 524） |
治療薬のコストと医療経済．骨粗鬆症の治療（薬物療法）に関するガイドライン2002年度改訂版．Osteoporosis Jpn 2002;10:693-7. |
新検索ページはこちら
ログイン
お問い合わせ
書誌情報
